ID | Name |
---|---|
T1048.001 | Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol |
T1048.002 | Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol |
T1048.003 | Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol |
Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server.[1]
Adversaries may opt to obfuscate this data, without the use of encryption, within network protocols that are natively unencrypted (such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS). This may include custom or publicly available encoding/compression algorithms (such as base64) as well as embedding data within protocol headers and fields.
ID | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
S0331 | Agent Tesla |
Agent Tesla has routines for exfiltration over SMTP, FTP, and HTTP.[2][3][4] |
G0050 | APT32 |
APT32's backdoor can exfiltrate data by encoding it in the subdomain field of DNS packets.[5] |
G0064 | APT33 |
APT33 has used FTP to exfiltrate files (separately from the C2 channel).[6] |
S0190 | BITSAdmin |
BITSAdmin can be used to create BITS Jobs to upload files from a compromised host.[7] |
S0252 | Brave Prince |
Some Brave Prince variants have used South Korea's Daum email service to exfiltrate information, and later variants have posted the data to a web server via an HTTP post command.[8] |
C0017 | C0017 |
During C0017, APT41 exfiltrated victim data via DNS lookups by encoding and prepending it as subdomains to the attacker-controlled domain.[9] |
S0335 | Carbon | |
S1043 | ccf32 |
ccf32 can upload collected data and files to an FTP server.[11] |
S0674 | CharmPower |
CharmPower can send victim data via FTP with credentials hardcoded in the script.[12] |
S0107 | Cherry Picker |
Cherry Picker exfiltrates files over FTP.[13] |
S0492 | CookieMiner |
CookieMiner has used the |
S0212 | CORALDECK | |
S0050 | CosmicDuke |
CosmicDuke exfiltrates collected files over FTP or WebDAV. Exfiltration servers can be separately configured from C2 servers.[16] |
S0281 | Dok |
Dok exfiltrates logs of its execution stored in the |
G0037 | FIN6 |
FIN6 has sent stolen payment card data to remote servers via HTTP POSTs.[18] |
G0061 | FIN8 | |
S0095 | ftp |
ftp may be used to exfiltrate data separate from the main command and control protocol.[20][21] |
S0487 | Kessel |
Kessel can exfiltrate credentials and other information via HTTP POST request, TCP, and DNS.[22] |
S0356 | KONNI |
KONNI has used FTP to exfiltrate reconnaissance data out.[23] |
G0032 | Lazarus Group |
Lazarus Group malware SierraBravo-Two generates an email message via SMTP containing information about newly infected victims.[24][25] |
G0049 | OilRig |
OilRig has exfiltrated data via Microsoft Exchange and over FTP separately from its primary C2 channel over DNS.[26][27] |
S0428 | PoetRAT | |
S1040 | Rclone |
Rclone can exfiltrate data over FTP or HTTP, including HTTP via WebDAV.[29] |
S0125 | Remsec |
Remsec can exfiltrate data via a DNS tunnel or email, separately from its C2 channel.[30] |
G1045 | Salt Typhoon |
Salt Typhoon has exfiltrated configuration files from exploited network devices over FTP and TFTP.[31] |
S1124 | SocGholish |
SocGholish can exfiltrate data directly to its C2 domain via HTTP.[32] |
G0076 | Thrip |
Thrip has used WinSCP to exfiltrate data from a targeted organization over FTP.[33] |
S1116 | WARPWIRE |
WARPWIRE can send captured credentials to C2 via HTTP |
S0466 | WindTail |
WindTail has the ability to automatically exfiltrate files using the macOS built-in utility /usr/bin/curl.[36] |
G0102 | Wizard Spider |
Wizard Spider has exfiltrated victim information using FTP.[37][38] |
ID | Mitigation | Description |
---|---|---|
M1057 | Data Loss Prevention |
Data loss prevention can detect and block sensitive data being sent over unencrypted protocols. |
M1037 | Filter Network Traffic |
Enforce proxies and use dedicated servers for services such as DNS and only allow those systems to communicate over respective ports/protocols, instead of all systems within a network. |
M1031 | Network Intrusion Prevention |
Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. |
M1030 | Network Segmentation |
Follow best practices for network firewall configurations to allow only necessary ports and traffic to enter and exit the network.[39] |
ID | Data Source | Data Component | Detects |
---|---|---|---|
DS0017 | Command | Command Execution |
Monitor for execution of exfiltration-related commands such as ftp, curl, scp, tftp, use of Base64 encoding, gzip, or other obfuscation before transmission, or use of CLI-based copy commands to move files to external destinations. Analytic 1 - Detecting Unencrypted Exfiltration via Command Execution
|
DS0022 | File | File Access |
Monitor files being accessed and staged before unencrypted exfiltration, creation of compressed archives before network transmission, or presence of encoded file formats that indicate obfuscation (.b64, .zip, .tar). Analytic 1 - Detecting File Access Before Unencrypted Exfiltration
|
DS0029 | Network Traffic | Network Connection Creation |
Monitor for unencrypted outbound network connections involving file transfer protocols, processes sending significantly more data than they receive, or outbound data transfers occurring at unusual times. Analytic 1 - Detecting Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Alternative Protocols
|
Network Traffic Content |
Monitor for data obfuscation methods such as Base64, XOR, or URL encoding in HTTP requests, use of TFTP, FTP, or DNS for data exfiltration, or outbound requests containing encoded strings in GET or POST parameters. Analytic 1 - Detecting Encoded Data in Unencrypted Alternative Protocols
|
||
Network Traffic Flow |
Monitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. |