Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol: Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol

Agent Tesla has routines for exfiltration over SMTP, FTP, and HTTP.^[2][3][4]

APT32's backdoor can exfiltrate data by encoding it in the subdomain field of DNS packets.^[5]

APT33 has used FTP to exfiltrate files (separately from the C2 channel).^[6]

BITSAdmin can be used to create BITS Jobs to upload files from a compromised host.^[7]

Some Brave Prince variants have used South Korea's Daum email service to exfiltrate information, and later variants have posted the data to a web server via an HTTP post command.^[8]

During C0017, APT41 exfiltrated victim data via DNS lookups by encoding and prepending it as subdomains to the attacker-controlled domain.^[9]

Carbon uses HTTP to send data to the C2 server.^[10]

ccf32 can upload collected data and files to an FTP server.^[11]

CharmPower can send victim data via FTP with credentials hardcoded in the script.^[12]

Cherry Picker exfiltrates files over FTP.^[13]

Contagious Interview has exfiltrated victim information using FTP.^[14][15][16]

CookieMiner has used the curl --upload-file command to exfiltrate data over HTTP.^[17]

CORALDECK has exfiltrated data in HTTP POST headers.^[18]

CosmicDuke exfiltrates collected files over FTP or WebDAV. Exfiltration servers can be separately configured from C2 servers.^[19]

Dok exfiltrates logs of its execution stored in the /tmp folder over FTP using the curl command.^[20]

FIN6 has sent stolen payment card data to remote servers via HTTP POSTs.^[21]

FIN8 has used FTP to exfiltrate collected data.^[22]

ftp may be used to exfiltrate data separate from the main command and control protocol.^[23][24]

InvisibleFerret has used FTP to exfiltrate files and directories using the command ssh_upload which contains with six subcommands of .sdira, sdir, sfile, sfinda, sfindr and sfind that had varying functions.^[14][25] InvisibleFerret has exfiltrated stolen files and data to the C2 servers over ports 1224, 2245 and 8637.^[26]

Kessel can exfiltrate credentials and other information via HTTP POST request, TCP, and DNS.^[27]

KONNI has used FTP to exfiltrate reconnaissance data out.^[28]

Lazarus Group malware SierraBravo-Two generates an email message via SMTP containing information about newly infected victims.^[29][30]

Mustang Panda has used FTP to exfiltrate archive files.^[31]

OilRig has exfiltrated data via Microsoft Exchange and over FTP separately from its primary C2 channel over DNS.^[32][33]

PoetRAT has used ftp for exfiltration.^[34]

PUBLOAD has leveraged curl for data exfiltration over FTP by uploading RAR archives containing targeted files (.doc, .docx, .xls, .xlsx, .pdf, .ppt, .pptx) to an adversary-owned FTP site.^[35]

Rclone can exfiltrate data over FTP or HTTP, including HTTP via WebDAV.^[36]

Remsec can exfiltrate data via a DNS tunnel or email, separately from its C2 channel.^[37]

Salt Typhoon has exfiltrated configuration files from exploited network devices over FTP and TFTP.^[38]

SocGholish can exfiltrate data directly to its C2 domain via HTTP.^[39]

Thrip has used WinSCP to exfiltrate data from a targeted organization over FTP.^[40]

WARPWIRE can send captured credentials to C2 via HTTP GET or POST requests.^[41][42]

WindTail has the ability to automatically exfiltrate files using the macOS built-in utility /usr/bin/curl.^[43]

Wizard Spider has exfiltrated victim information using FTP.^[44][45]

Data loss prevention can detect and block sensitive data being sent over unencrypted protocols.

Enforce proxies and use dedicated servers for services such as DNS and only allow those systems to communicate over respective ports/protocols, instead of all systems within a network.

Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level.

Follow best practices for network firewall configurations to allow only necessary ports and traffic to enter and exit the network.^[46]