Hijack Execution Flow: COR_PROFILER

Adversaries may leverage the COR_PROFILER environment variable to hijack the execution flow of programs that load the .NET CLR. The COR_PROFILER is a .NET Framework feature which allows developers to specify an unmanaged (or external of .NET) profiling DLL to be loaded into each .NET process that loads the Common Language Runtime (CLR). These profilers are designed to monitor, troubleshoot, and debug managed code executed by the .NET CLR.[1][2]

The COR_PROFILER environment variable can be set at various scopes (system, user, or process) resulting in different levels of influence. System and user-wide environment variable scopes are specified in the Registry, where a Component Object Model (COM) object can be registered as a profiler DLL. A process scope COR_PROFILER can also be created in-memory without modifying the Registry. Starting with .NET Framework 4, the profiling DLL does not need to be registered as long as the location of the DLL is specified in the COR_PROFILER_PATH environment variable.[2]

Adversaries may abuse COR_PROFILER to establish persistence that executes a malicious DLL in the context of all .NET processes every time the CLR is invoked. The COR_PROFILER can also be used to elevate privileges (ex: Bypass User Account Control) if the victim .NET process executes at a higher permission level, as well as to hook and Impair Defenses provided by .NET processes.[3][4][5][6][7]

ID: T1574.012
Sub-technique of:  T1574
Platforms: Windows
Permissions Required: Administrator, User
Contributors: Jesse Brown, Red Canary
Version: 1.0
Created: 24 June 2020
Last Modified: 30 August 2021

Procedure Examples

ID Name Description
G0108 Blue Mockingbird

Blue Mockingbird has used wmic.exe and Windows Registry modifications to set the COR_PROFILER environment variable to execute a malicious DLL whenever a process loads the .NET CLR.[3]

S1066 DarkTortilla

DarkTortilla can detect profilers by verifying the COR_ENABLE_PROFILING environment variable is present and active.[8]

Mitigations

ID Mitigation Description
M1038 Execution Prevention

Identify and block potentially malicious unmanaged COR_PROFILER profiling DLLs by using application control solutions like AppLocker that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unapproved DLLs.[9][10][11]

M1024 Restrict Registry Permissions

Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys associated with COR_PROFILER.

M1018 User Account Management

Limit the privileges of user accounts so that only authorized administrators can edit system environment variables.

Detection

ID Data Source Data Component Detects
DS0017 Command Command Execution

Extra scrutiny should be placed on suspicious modification of Registry keys such as COR_ENABLE_PROFILING, COR_PROFILER, and COR_PROFILER_PATH by command line tools like wmic.exe, setx.exe, and Reg. Monitoring for command-line arguments indicating a change to COR_PROFILER variables may aid in detection.

DS0011 Module Module Load

Monitor DLL files that are associated with COR_PROFILER environment variables.

DS0009 Process Process Creation

Monitor for newly executed processes, such as setx.exe, that may abuse of the COR_PROFILER variable, monitor for new suspicious unmanaged profiling DLLs loading into .NET processes shortly after the CLR causing abnormal process behavior.[4]

DS0024 Windows Registry Windows Registry Key Modification

For detecting system and user scope abuse of the COR_PROFILER variable, monitor the Registry for changes to COR_ENABLE_PROFILING, COR_PROFILER, and COR_PROFILER_PATH that correspond to system and user environment variables that do not correlate to known developer tools.

References